Twin palms swap meet calex3/19/2023 (c) Harvested N vs N leaching in each site. (b) Harvested N in each site as function of different nitrogen fertilization scenarios. (a) NO3 concentration in groundwater recharge as a function of different nitrogen fertilization scenarios (percentage of the maximum) in each site. Results of the fertilization experiments. In all the subplots, we compare the simulated either biomass or LAI (black line) with observations (black dots), simulated snow depth (grey line) is also shown. (f) LAI data in STU were digitalized from Wohlfahrt et al., 2008b (g) biomass data in TOR, observations were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley 865 (Filippa et al., 2015). (c)(d)(e) Biomass data for the sites in Germany FEN, ROT and GRA were provided by the ScaleX campaign 2015 (Zeeman et al., 2019). (b) LAI in OEN is compared with observations from Chang et al. For the site OEN we compare simulated values with data reported by Ammann et al. For FRU we compare with data from Gilgen and Buchmann (2009) and Zeeman et al. For CHA data are extracted from Gilgen and Buchmann (2009), Zeeman 860 et al. (a) The simulated mean yearly harvested biomass in CHA, FRU and OEN are compared with published values. Observed versus simulated leaf-biomass and LAI. Using distributed maps informed with key soil and climatic attributes or systematically implementing integrated ecosystem models as shown here can contribute to achieving more sustainable practices. We suggest that major hydrological and soil property differences across sites should be considered in the delineation of best practices or regulations for management. The commonly applied fixed-threshold limit on fertilizer N input is suboptimal. The local soil hydrology has a crucial role in driving the NO3 use efficiency. This combined with lower evapotranspiration rates results in higher amounts of drainage and NO3 leaching to groundwater. In high-Alpine sites short growing seasons lead to less efficient nitrogen (N) uptake for biomass production. Despite the generally low NO3 concentration in groundwater recharge, the variability across sites is remarkable, mostly, but not exclusively, dictated by elevation. Subsequently, we apply the model to test the influence of fertilization practices on grassland yields and nitrate (NO3) losses through leaching. We provide an unprecedent interdisciplinary model evaluation confirming its performance against observed variables from different datasets. We simulate the major water, carbon, nutrient, and energy fluxes of nine grassland plots across the broad European Alpine region. We apply a 1-D mechanistic ecosystem model, seamlessly integrating land-surface energy balance, soil hydrology, vegetation dynamics, and soil biogeochemistry aiming at assessing the grassland response to fertilization. Intensive fertilization is common to enhance their yields, thus creating negative externalities on water quality that are difficult to evaluate without reliable estimates of nutrient fluxes. Alpine grasslands sustain local economy providing fodder for livestock.
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